Chemistry
Atomic and Molecular Structure
The periodic table displays the elements in increasing
atomic number and shows how periodicity of the physical and chemical properties
of the elements relates to atomic structure. As a basis for understanding this
concept:
Students know
how to relate the position of an element in the periodic table to its atomic
number and atomic mass.
Students know
how to use the periodic table to identify metals, semimetals, nonmetals, and
halogens.
Students know
how to use the periodic table to identify alkali metals, alkaline earth metals
and transition metals, trends in ionization energy, electronegativity,
and the relative sizes of ions and atoms.
Students know
how to use the periodic table to determine the number of electrons available
for bonding.
Students know
the nucleus of the atom is much smaller than the atom yet contains most of its
mass.
* Students know
how to use the periodic table to identify the lanthanide, actinide, and transactinide elements and know that the transuranium elements were synthesized and identified in
laboratory experiments through the use of nuclear accelerators.
* Students know
how to relate the position of an element in the periodic table to its quantum
electron configuration and to its reactivity with other elements in the table.
* Students know
the experimental basis for Thomson's discovery of the electron,
* Students know
the experimental basis for the development of the quantum theory of atomic
structure and the historical importance of the Bohr model of the atom.
* Students know
that spectral lines are the result of transitions of electrons between energy
levels and that these lines correspond to photons with a frequency related to
the energy spacing between levels by using Planck's relationship (E = hv).
Chemical Bonds
Biological, chemical, and physical properties of matter
result from the ability of atoms to form bonds from electrostatic forces
between electrons and protons and between atoms and molecules. As a basis for
understanding this concept:
Students know
atoms combine to form molecules by sharing electrons to form covalent or
metallic bonds or by exchanging electrons to form ionic bonds.
Students know
chemical bonds between atoms in molecules such as H2 ,
CH4 , NH3 , H2 CCH2 , N2 , Cl2 , and many large biological molecules are
covalent.
Students know
salt crystals, such as NaCl, are repeating patterns
of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic attraction.
Students knowthe atoms and molecules in liquids move in a random
pattern relative to one another because the intermolecular forces are too weak
to hold the atoms or molecules in a solid form.
Students know
how to draw Lewis dot structures.
* Students know
how to predict the shape of simple molecules and their polarity from Lewis dot
structures.
* Students know
how electronegativity and ionization energy relate to
bond formation.
* Students know how to identify solids and
liquids held together by van der Waals
forces or hydrogen bonding and relate these forces to volatility and boiling/
melting point temperatures.
Conservation of Matter and Stoichiometry
The conservation of atoms in chemical reactions leads
to the principle of conservation of matter and the ability to calculate the
mass of products and reactants. As a basis for understanding this concept:
Students know
how to describe chemical reactions by writing balanced equations.
Students know
the quantity one mole is set by defining one mole of carbon 12 atoms to have a
mass of exactly 12 grams.
Students know
one mole equals 6.02x1023particles (atoms or molecules).
Students know
how to determine the molar mass of a molecule from its chemical formula and a
table of atomic masses and how to convert the mass of a molecular substance to
moles, number of particles, or volume of gas at standard temperature and
pressure.
Students know how
to calculate the masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction from
the mass of one of the reactants or products and the relevant atomic masses.
* Students know
how to calculate percent yield in a chemical reaction.
* Students know how to identify reactions that
involve oxidation and reduction and how to balance oxidation-reduction
reactions.
Gases and Their Properties
The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of
atoms and molecules and explains the properties of gases. As a basis for
understanding this concept:
Students know
the random motion of molecules and their collisions with a surface create the
observable pressure on that surface.
Students know the random motion of molecules explains the diffusion of gases.